Overview | Millipore’sFlowCellect?PI3KActivationDualDetectionkitincludestwodirectlyconjugatedantibodies,aphospho-specificAnti-phospho-Akt(Ser473)-AlexaFluor?488andanAnti-Akt-AlexaFluor?647conjugatedantibodytomeasuretotallevelsofAkt.ThistwocolorflowcytometrykitisdesignedtomeasuretheextentofAktphosphorylationrelativetothetotalAktexpressioninanygivencellpopulation.Bydoingsuch,thelevelsofboththetotalandphosphorylatedproteincanbemeasuredsimultaneouslyinthesamecell,resultinginanormalizedandaccuratemeasurementofAktactivationafterstimulation.Moreover,simultaneousmeasurementofbothtotalandphospho-Aktconfirmstargetspecificityofthephosphorylationevent.Together,atotalandphosphoantibodyduoperformedinmultiplexprovidesanenhancedandmorereliabledetectionofthephospho:totalratiowithinamixedpopulation.
AllFlowCellectkitsaresuppliedwithoptimizedfixation,permeABIlization,wash,andassaybufferstoprovideresearcherstheabilitytodetecttheactivationofAktinflowapplications.Sufficientreagentsareprovidedfor25two-colorsamples.Thekitincludesalloptimizedfluorescentlylabeledantibodiesandbuffersnecessaryforcellpreparationandanalysis. |
BackgroundInformation | Akt/PKBisaSer/ThrkinaseandamajorknowneffecterofthePI3Kinasepathway.ItisinvolvedinmultiplesignalingpathwaysthatrelatetomanyBIOLOGicalprocessesincludingmetabolism,apoptosis,cellcyclecontrol,angiogenesis,differentiation,andcellgrowthandproliferation.Inmammals,threeisoformsofAkt(Akt1/PKCα,Akt2/PKBβ,andAkt3/PKBγ)exists.Theyexhibitahighdegreeofhomology,butdifferslightlyinthelocalizationoftheirregulatoryphosphorylationsites.Akt1isthepredominantisoformthatisinmosttissuesandisthoughttohaveadominantroleingrowth,survival,embryonicdevelopment,andADIpocytedifferentiation.Akt2iscorrelatedwiththeregulationofglucosehomeostasisandisthepredominantisoformexpressedininsulin-responsivetissues.Akt3isabundantinbraintissue.EachAktisoformiscomposedofthreefunctionallydistinctregions:anN-terminalPleckstrinHomology(PH)domainthatprovidesalipid-bindingmodule,acentralcatalyticdomaincontainingThr308,andaC-terminalhydrophobicmotifcontainingSer473.TheactivationofAKTisdependentonadualregulatorymechanismthatrequiresbothitstranslocationtotheplasmamembraneanddualphosphorylationonThr308andSer473byPDK1andtheTORC2complex,respectively.
PhosphorylationofAktatSer473servesasamajorsignalingnodetoactivateitsmanydownstreameffectorssuchasmTOR,Bad,GSK3,Forkhead,andCaspases,leadingtomultiplebiologicalprocessessuchascellsurvival,cellgrowth,andcellmetabolism. |