Taurine-conjugated GM2 ganglioside (tauro-GM2) as prepared chemically in 2003 Li et al J Biol Chem (PMID 12829702, GM2 in dimethylformamide stirred with taurine, diethyl phosphorocyanidate and triethylamine at room temperature for 5 h, reaction stopped with KCl, mixture passed through solid-phase extraction cartridge, unabsorbed materials washed by water and absorbed materials eluted with methanol and further purified by high performance anion-exchange chromatography).